Describe the main features of American federalism. Essay

American federalism is constantly used as a benchmark for democratic societies. Having been successfully implemented along with the constitution, it has shown that it has been able to adapt to the changing environments throughout history. One scholar has claimed, â€Å"Federalism – old style – is dead.† However I disagree. In the following paragraphs, I will show how federalism is a part of the United States but how some problems make it seem like it is failing in the modern environment. American federalism is a system of dual-sovereignty between two levels of government. It is a constitutional feature that power is divided between the national government and the governments of the states, and that both are mutually dependant on the other†¦show more content†¦Extend the sphere and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens By introducing a federal system of government, the power is diffused between the states and the national government. Because this system takes in a large number of people, it is better than a centralised government as â€Å"†¦you take in a greater variety of parties and interests† meaning minorities are protected, as there are too many interests for any one majority to have power. Following on from this, it prevents centralised power. As both the states and the national government share the power, one cannot act without the support of the other. There is a common understanding between the two as to what each is responsible for – it is outlined in the constitution. It would be impossible for one to intrude upon the other’s control. Because of this, the national government cannot become more powerful than the states. Indeed, Hamilton voices fears in Federalist No. 17 that â€Å"It will always be far more easy for the State governments to encroach upon the nat ional authorities than for the national government to encroach upon the State authorities.† Even if this became the case, the power would still be divided between the individual states, so power could still not be centralised. Federalism preserves theShow MoreRelatedNature of Indian Constitution11177 Words   |  45 Pagesconstitution of India is completely federal or unitary in nature. But actually Indian constitution contains both features of a federal constitution and unitary constitution. But for the very clear picture of this conclusion first of all we have to know that what is the federal constitution and what is unitary constitution. What feature of Indian constitution makes it federal or what features makes it unitary. Federal Constitution: In a federal set up there is a two tier of Government with well assignedRead MoreThe Design Of A Constitution Of Any Country Will Impact Politics And Society2709 Words   |  11 Pagesauthoritarian regime and how the institutions that are stated in the constitution are organised for example the government, the legislature, the electoral system, the party system and so on. This piece of academic writing will demonstrate how. How can one describe a constitution? A constitution can be written or unwritten. Written constitutions are entrenched, meaning that if something in the constitution needs to be amended, it would be difficult to do so. For example after the gun incidents in America, someRead MoreThe Design Of A Constitution Of Any Country Has Impacts On Politics And Society2625 Words   |  11 Pagesauthoritarian regime and how the institutions that are stated in the constitution are organised for example the government, the legislature, the electoral system and the party system and this piece of academic writing will demonstrate how. How can one describe a constitution? 1) A constitution can be written or unwritten. Written constitutions are entrenched meaning that if something in the constitution needed to be amended, it would be difficult to do so. For example after the numerous gun incidents inRead MoreResiduary Power Art.2489736 Words   |  39 Pagesunion or a composite of a novel type. It is often defined to be quasi-federal in nature. Under Indian Constitution seventh schedule has important place in regards with the distribution of power. Distribution of power is one of the important features of Federalism. The legislative power under Indian Constitution has been distributed amongst the union and the states in three different lists. As law has to adapt according to changing nature of society therefore Indian Constitution has envisaged the provisionRead MoreNsl Final Exam Study Guide7447 Words   |  30 Pagesempowers the Supreme Court within the system of checks and balances. Judicial review gives the S upreme Court power over the legislative and executive branch because the Court can declare something that either branch wants to do unconstitutional. c. Describe the process through which the Court grants a writ of certiorari. The court will order a lower court to send up a certain case for review. To decide if a certain case should come to the Supreme Court, 4 judges have to vote to send it up. This is theRead More Identity Crisis in Canadian Film Essay5812 Words   |  24 Pagesby utilizing a treadmill rhetoric that Rick Salutin describes as We are because we are because we are (Salutin, 60). If a Canadian film is assumed to fulfil certain critical expectations before it exists, simply because it is Canadian, how can it represent the current state of a supposed Canadian cultural identity? The critical solution in a post-modern age is often found in plurality. In Canadas Hollywood: The Canadian State and Feature Films (1993), Ted Magder rightly suggests a criticalRead MoreAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 Pages1. American Civil Rights Movement THE BLACKS 1865 and 1870 - Three Constitutional amendments: The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment gave blacks the rights of citizenship, and The Fifteenth Amendment gave them the right to vote. Until the modern civil rights movement (1950s) blacks were denied access to public places such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and schools. There were separate facilities marked colored only, which was sanctioned by the courts. 1896Read MoreAssignments: Human Rights Law4555 Words   |  19 Pagesfor each activity to make your money count. j) Build a strong sales force - Develop a unified sales team focused on customer needs and expectations. Indeed, your sales representatives should become business partners to your customers. Following are main items of printing business:- †¢ Banners, Booklets, Bookmark, Brochures and catalogs. †¢ Business Cards, Calendars †¢ Carbonless Forms †¢ CD DVD covers, CD Inlays †¢ Color Copies †¢ Custom Logo Designs †¢ Envelopes, Letterhead †¢ Fliers Trifolds †¢Read MorePolitical Risk Management and Insurance: A Contextual Comparison12751 Words   |  51 Pagescountry are impacted by the quality of governance in that particular country in terms of costs and profits. The characteristics of host country such as democracy (Li and Reesnick, 2003; Jensen, 2008); restrictions on the executive (Henisz, 2000); federalism (Jensen and McGillivray, 2005), and corruption (Habib and Zurawicki, 2003; Javorcik and Wei, 2009), all impact the businesses and foreign direct investment to a given host country. Previously researchers have focused on different aspects of politicalRead MoreUnit 1 Economic Environment of Business14187 Words   |  57 PagesManagement 1.8 Economic and Non-Economic Environment : The Interaction Matrix 1.9 Summary 1.10 Key Words 1.11 Further Reading 1.12 Self-assessment Questions 1.1 INTRODUCTION You may have a variety of reasons for studying this course, but the main reason, we presume, is to become a successful manager. Your success or failure as a manager depends on a number of factors and these factors may not always be within your control; very often such factors constitute your work environment. These

China Unbalanced Essay - 921 Words

China â€Å"Unbalanced† Continual economic growth for the past 30 years has allowed China to rise as an economic power. As the Chinese manufacturing industry continued to grow many of the people moved from rural areas into urban centers. The continued economic growth has taken China from a poor country to the 2nd largest economy in the world. Using many of the principals of capitalism China has overcome obscurity and increased exports to the point of drawing a large trade surplus with Europe and the United States. The growing wealth of China has drawn much criticism form the global leaders as trade deficits rise. China has continued on policies of currency fixing and implementation of subsidies that are consistently controversial with the†¦show more content†¦Pensions and Social Security were almost completely non-existent for many workers. The government has gradually increased pensions for urban and rural workers consistently since 2005. The majority of the people still do not have pension cov erage. The move towards providing increased financial security for the people is expected to have a positive result on domestic consumption. Domestic consumption is the key to growth in China as the global economy has slowed. Rising unemployment has been an increased concern for the Chinese government. Students are graduating from college and are unable to find employment. As unemployment continues to remain stubbornly high the government has taken to stimulus to assist in creating jobs. With local governments having submitted for projects in the past the stimulus was implemented quickly. Jobs were created and the infrastructure of China was improved. A continual effort has been made to improving the Chinese infrastructure in both the costal cities as well as the inland. Government infrastructure projects have become increasingly important in the fight against unemployment. New technology in construction equipment is commonly not used in favor of using manpower over machine power. Social programs have proven to be expensive. Increased wages and the development of social programs all result in more expenses for businesses and government. China has sustained growth forShow MoreRelatedChina Unbalanced Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesAbigail Brown China Unbalanced Write-up International Trade and Development 12/7/12 In 2001 China became a member of the World Trade Organization. China’s accession into this organization had many advantages and disadvantages for the country. Some of the advantages of being a member of the WTO for China was the strong increase in GDP growth rate which the country experienced as a result of the facilitation of trade and the increase in imports/exports. Some of the disadvantages of the membershipRead MoreChina Unbalanced Essay3704 Words   |  15 PagesCASE STUDY CHINA â€Å"UNBALANCED† In this case study, we will attempt to answer what measures China took in preparation for acceptance into the WTO and how it adjusted to its eventual admittance in December of 2001. We will also review some of the problems associated with China’s economic growth strategy. We will begin our analysis of these questions by examining China’s economy at the time of Deng Xiaoping’s accession to power in 1978 and the economic growth strategy he and his successor implementedRead MoreAnalysis of China Unbalanced Case1035 Words   |  5 Pagesgrew at the rate of 9%. Entry into the world trade organization China failed to gain WTO membership under Deng Xiapong and had continued to seek â€Å"most favoured nation† status from US throughout the late 1990s.China finally gained WTO membership in December 2001. The terms china agreed to could be classified into three realms – * Reforms facilitating foreign enterprises For foreign invest firms that sold goods in China, the most significant restrictions were those limiting distributionRead MoreChina s Economic Growth Is Unstable, Unbalanced, Uncoordinated, And Unsustainable761 Words   |  4 PagesIn the National People’s Congress press conference in March 2007, China’s Premier Wen Jiabao argues the biggest problem with China’s economy is that its economic growth is unstable, unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable. Since export and investment play unsustainable roles in increasing China’s real GDP, this study tries to testify how consumption enhances the sustainability of China’s real GDP in the short run over a long period of time. As Krugman (1994) suggests, increase in the economicRead MoreBritish And Chinese Trade Of Opium Into China Caused The Corruption And Eventual Downfall Of The Qing Dynasty1730 Words   |  7 Pagesto find the extent to which the British and Chinese trade of opium into China cause d the corruption and eventual downfall of the Qing dynasty. The main body of this investigation focuses on the corruption and failure of the Chinese government in controlling British incursions, which caused its citizens to rebel and thus began the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. The introductions of opium to China and the effects it had on China will be assessed in accordance to origin, value, purpose, and limitationRead MoreThe Reign Of The Imperial System959 Words   |  4 PagesPuyi was born in 1906 and crowned emperor in 1908. During that time, China had always been under the imperial system, where one dynasty was ruled by one family, essentially through the idea of heredity monarchy. Puyi, who had been proclaimed the son of heaven, followed tradition; however, his time in being emperor was short-lived as the Qing dynasty ended in 1912, introducing the Republic of China. Oblivious to life outside the temple doors, Puyi continuously assured himself that he was stillRead MoreChica go Chinatown1861 Words   |  8 Pagesdemand for housing. However, half of the housing plan was cut because some major city projects needed to use this area. Due to many restrictions on the growth of Chinese community, it significantly affected the demography. The gender ratio was unbalanced because family s life style had changed. In 1910 there were only 65 Chinese women and 1,713 men in Chicago, and by 1926 women were still less than 6 percent of the population. This disproportion ratio of Chinese gender made their family life difficult;Read More Chinese and American Cultures Essay example4350 Words   |  18 PagesLuck Club said she died just like a rabbit: quickly and with unfinished business left behind† (Tan 19). Suyuan had a secret that she had kept from her daughter, Jing-Mei her entire life: two sisters that had been left behind while she fled from China. While it cannot be said that this was what caused her to have an aneurysm, the symbolism of having unfinished business, and unfinished thoughts in her head is too strong to go unrecognized. Suyuan had many secrets she had yet to tell her daughterRead More How Food Habits Are Affected by Chinese Culture Essay3158 Words   |  13 Pagesreputation. This paper will describe three influential factors that affect food habit and acceptance in Chinese culture: socioeconomic factor, religion, and traditional Chinese medicine. Socioeconomic Factors China was an agricultural country for a long time. As a result, China was developed as a country with abundant agricultural products and rich lands. Historically, cultivation was the most important thing for every family, especially during the harvest season. My grandfather told me thatRead MoreRoaring Dragon Hotel15212 Words   |  61 PagesProceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economics Studies Australia (ACESA) Guanxi Neglect at the Roaring Dragon in South-west China: The demise of an International Management Contract Stephen Grainger1 University of Western Australia ‘guanxi neglect – neglecting opportunities to show respect towards guanxi relationships’ Abstract This paper introduces the concept of guanxi neglect through a case study that describes the takeover of a formerly Chinese

Laws of Globalization and Business Applications †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Laws of Globalization and Business Applications. Answer: Introduction: This is a Switzerland based food and drink company, headquartered in Vevey Vaud, Switzerland. The company is spread all over the world and considered as the largest food company in the international market. Nestle was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle, Charles Page and George Page and rapidly spread over the world with its products which includes medical food, baby food, bottled water, tea, coffee, cereals and many more (nestle.com. 2017). Reasons behind selecting the organization are due to its international presence where cage model can be studied and the business innovation model applied by the company which will contribute in the study. As Nestle is an international business CAGE analysis can be done on their business. CAGE stands for culture, Administrative, Geography and Economy, as the company also requires reducing their distance in the target market (youtube.com. 2017). Netles cross cultural facilitates them to communicate their products to the target market. Companys market study proves to be important part of their business strategy to provide the desired products to the target market. The divide their target market into three part based on their products that are baby food for children, coffee for the adults and foods and beverages for mostly teenagers and adults. They have separate policies operating under different administration in different countries. On the geographical grounds, the company targets the developed countries and also the working class of the society to ensure their product demand. On to it, urban societies of the countries are the primary target of these countries to make maximum profit. T he working class is considered as the target as it best possible segment of the society that will avail their products. Business model is strongly related with the customer value. According to Teece (2010), business model is used to explain the customer value and the process used by the company to convert these values into profit. Hence, business model theory explains the development processes opted by the company for increasing customer value to increase the revenue generation (Bocken et al. 2014). Nestles business model innovation includes adaptation of shared value strategy replacing the traditional value chain, taking society into consideration. They have implemented Creating Shared Value Advisory Board and Creating Value Alignment Board for governance of their shared value chain and the companys sustainability and compliance. Example can be drawn from their Nespresso division, where they generate their revenue not from the coffee machine but from the capsules. On to it, they im plemented companies for making the coffee machines as they dont want to enter the household accessory industry. They give away the coffee machines for a comparatively low cost and charge for the coffee capsules comparatively high. This strategy is often considered as razor blade strategy as it was first proposed by Gillette where they used to give away razors at cheap rate and charged for the blades in a comparably high price. Nestle also adopted this during their business model innovation (Gobble 2014). Hence, more than one innovation in their business model can be spotted in a single business setting of Nestle. The company was founded by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker in the year 1971 as a coffee store in Seattle in America that used to sell roasted coffee bean. Since then, the company has came a long way and spread all over the world. They have also moved from just selling the beans to coffee beverages, smoothies, tea, baked goods coffee machines and many more (starbucks.com. 2017). Their story and the evolution over this short period of time is the primary reason for considering the company for studying their innovative business model. The application of CAGE framework in Starbucks international business strategy to reduce can be clearly spotted. These factors mentioned in the CAGE framework are sometimes overlapping and cant be distinguished from one another. Starbucks opted local adaptations for promoting their companies in the international market which is country and its culture specific. For instance, the company focused on its chic western image to get into the Chinese and Japanese market. Considering coping with the economic factor, they expanded to only the developed and few developing countries. Moreover, they focused on the major metropolitan cities of the countries (Ghemawat 2016). In order to reduce the political dilemma in the countries, the company modified their policy to pay premium prices for coffee beans from local farmers in Mexico and Peru as these countries uses environmentally friendly techniques. Finally, to reduce the geographical and administrative gap and problems, they partnered with some of the local business. On the other hand, excellent work of the strategic team of the company needs appreciation (youtube.com. 2017). Five innovations using business model innovation can be highlighted that are sustainable culture, customers experience, technological adaptation, ambiance creation and business is more than just coffee. The company changed their business model based on the operating market. They change their store ambiance based on the culture and their expectance and make them feel like home. The company also embrace new technology and uses it as the fro better serving their customers. Moreover, they offer more than just coffee depending on the cultural settings they are operating in that enables them to provide customers the lifetime experience for which they will revisit the store. To achieve this above mentioned innovation the company went through the four steps mentioned in business model innovation. In the initiation part, they had to examine their business mod el and identify the required changes. Ideation is the confrontation of business model with other business model models available, and this is how they find the required model in the target model. In the integration part, they build new model and verify its efficiency. The final part is the implementation of the new business model of which the outcome is in front of us. In short, they examined their existing business model, studied the target market from various aspect, drew the framework of the advisable business model required and finally implemented it in the market for the best revenue generation (Massa and Tucci 2013). References Bocken, N.M.P., Short, S.W., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2014. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, pp.42-56. Ghemawat, P., 2016.The Laws of Globalization and Business Applications. Cambridge University Press. Gobble, M.M., 2014. Business model innovation.Research-Technology Management,57(6), pp.58-61. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford handbook of innovation management,20, p.18. nestle.com. 2017.History. [online] Available at: https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/history/nestle-company-history [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. starbucks.com. 2017.starbucks. [online] Available at: https://www.starbucks.com/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. youtube.com. 2017.CAGE Framework. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FpUJaG7uMk [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. youtube.com. 2017.Business Model Innovation. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017].

Weighing In Essay Essay Example

Weighing In Essay Essay In Essay Racism has repeatedly played a controversial role throughout the course of history. This is a topic fueled by the heated arguments of the parties on both ends of the matter, may it be the cry of the victim or defense of the offender. As described in the works of two members of ethnic minorities coping With the alienation they both faced in what is supposed to be the land of diversity, Froze Dumas The F Word, and Brent Staples Black Men and Public Space, racism is portrayed as a dark shadow cast upon those who may not me to conform to the norms of western culture to the typical American. Such stereotypes and predispositions should not hold the power to classify and simplify human beings to one single standard of a certain background, as one single Story or idea does not define an entire mass Of people. In Froze Dumas The F Word, she describes her life growing up as an Iranian in America. From the very beginning of her transition into western society, Dumas was exposed to the ugly world of racism at the tender age of seven, an idea almost too outlandish to even entertain. The idea that children t such a young age could feel the need to alienate someone due to unfamiliarity shows that indifference to foreign culture and background can begin at almost any age. She writes that her cousin was named Forbad, a respectable Iranian name meaning greatness, but in a land filled with Joeys and Mars, this was completely alien to his peers, resulting in his nickname Forehead. Similarly, her brother, Fairish, meaning he who enlightens became known as Farthest. A friend of Dumas sounded too similarly to an African American slur and her brothers name reminded those of a skin indention. We will write a custom essay sample on Weighing In Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Weighing In Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Weighing In Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These children earned themselves such vulgar names solely due to the fact that they were raised and named accordingly to their culture, something that should never be disrespected or looked down upon as abnormal just because it is uncommon. When she reached the age of twelve, Froze opted for an American middle name, understandable for a young girl bearing the pressure of her surroundings, yet unacceptable for her to feel pressured to do so in the first place. She explains that she regrets this decision as it only complicated her life in the long run, even though it seemed o be a quick fix to her problems at the time. She had always received incredulous glares or horribly executed pronunciations, many without even a hint of actual effort in attempting to properly address her, a sad but common occurrence for those who are not often exposed to foreign cultures. Dumas finally settled on the name Julie and even introduced herself to her next-door neighbor using her new name. Her brothers even made fun of her for wanting to Americanize herself, who then later became Fred and Sean. In college, she did away with Julie and went back to her old name, but found that applying for jobs was a more successful venture when she used her American name, interestingly enough. Once she got married, it was almost as if she was living a double life, with family calling her Froze and most friends referring to her as Julie. This prompted her to permanently go back to her original name, forcing herself to cope with the mispronunciations and comments, which she simply now finds humor in. It is a huge relief that Dumas ended up referring to herself by her original first name, as dont feel that she should have ever felt pressured into conforming to the standards of stern culture and trying to Americanize herself. The fact that simply changing her name from Froze to Julie on job applications is mind blowing, as it is clearly not her credentials or talents that are being considered, but her American name. I appreciate that Dumas was able to come to the realization that although her American name would often allow her more job interviews and less of an intense reaction in every day life, her original Iranian name was part of her struggle growing up as an immigrant in America and was a better telltale of her story than Julie would ever be. Rather than being another Joe or Mary, people would just have to adjust to her, not the other way around. Similar to Dumas struggle in America as an Iranian, Brent Staples Black Men and public Space details the struggle of being a black man in America. There are countless stereotypes implanted in the minds of Americans of the typical black person, aggressive, dishonest, ruthless, and overall ill intentioned. The first encounter with this racist outlook on blacks Staples had was in a wealthier area of downbeat Chicago, who began to appear irksome and soon after proceeded to run from the author, who had done nothing intentionally to provoke fear in her. I agree that women should always place their safety as their first priority and should remove themselves from any situation in which they find themselves uncomfortable or at risk, but if blacks and whites cant manage to walk the same streets without one race thinking the other is going to attack at any given moment due to the misconceptions floating around in their heads, then America really isnt a land of diversity. It then becomes a land of hierarchy. As he says, Staples is too scared to even wield a knife at a chicken, let alone wield a knife at another human being, but by the color of his skin and appearance, one would never know this. Being perceived as dangerous, he writes, is a hazard in itself, and could easily land him in the back of a police car simply due to the stereotypes of the black man. Staples understands that women are vulnerable in situations involving street crime, and that blacks have a tendency to be the offenders in such situations, yet this is no excuse for the complete isolation teen blacks and whites that occurs on an everyday basis. He recalls a fascinating incident in which police attempted to arrest a black journalist whom they mistook for the murderer, further proving that many will forever have these misconceptions that almost all blacks are violent by nature. On late nights now, Staples finds himself whistling classical music, as he explains that many do not seem to think that a typical, violent black man would ever be whistling Beethoven or Vivaldi, which is one of the saddest parts of this story. It is almost disgusting to me that blacks and minorities in general feel he need to prove themselves to American society by doing White things. It is often understandably easier to do so and conform to western ways, but it is never necessary because one should not ever be ashamed of their background. No single story or stereotype or standard defines a human being. That persons actions, impact on the world, and the lives they touch are what define them. America, the land of the free and the home of the brave, is often an image of hopes and dreams and opportunity for those who wish to create better lives for themselves, yet the stereotypes people tend to hold of each racial aground impede any sort of progress in continuing to paint America as this beacon of hope. Racism not only simplifies humans to one single story, but almost dehumidifies a person, as well, looking past their traits and qualities and defining them as where they come from and what their culture is. It is necessary to learn that what society may deem normal to us is not necessarily normal to others, and rather than one party adapt to the other or furthermore alienate one another, we must begin to respect and not reject the diversity which surrounds us.

Speculation That Edward De Vere Was the Real Shakespeare

Speculation That Edward De Vere Was the Real Shakespeare Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, was a contemporary of Shakespeare and a patron of the arts. A poet and dramatist in his own right, Edward de Vere has since become the strongest candidate in the Shakespeare authorship debate. Edward de Vere: A Biography De Vere was born in 1550 (14 years before Shakespeare  in Stratford-upon-Avon) and  inherited the title of 17th Earl of Oxford before his teenage years. Despite receiving a privileged education at Queen’s College and Saint John’s College, De Vere found himself in financial dire straights by the early 1580s – which led to Queen Elizabeth granting him an annuity of  £1,000. It is suggested that De Vere  spent the later part of his life producing literary works but disguised his authorship to uphold his reputation in court. Many believe that these manuscripts have since become credited to William Shakespeare. De Vere died in 1604 in Middlesex, 12 years before Shakespeare’s death in Stratford-upon-Avon. Edward de Vere: The Real Shakespeare? Could De Vere really be the author of Shakespeare’s plays? The theory was first proposed by J. Thomas Looney in 1920. Since then the theory has gained momentum and has received support from some high-profile figures including Orson Wells and Sigmund Freud. Although all the evidence is circumstantial, it is none-the-less compelling. The key points in the case for De Vere are as follows: â€Å"Thy countenance shakes spears† is how De Vere was once described in royal court. Could this have been a codified reference to De Vere’s literary activities? In print, Shakespeare’s name appeared as â€Å"Shake-speare.†Many of the plays parallel events from De Vere’s life. In particular, supporters consider Hamlet to be a deeply biographical character.De Vere had the right education and social standing to write in detail about the classics, law, foreign countries, and language. William Shakespeare, a country bumpkin from Stratford-upon-Avon, would simply have been unequipped to write about such things.Some of De Vere’s early poetry appeared in print under his own name. However, this stopped soon after texts were printed under Shakespeare’s name. So,  its been suggested that De Vere took on his pseudonym when Shakespeare’s earliest works were first published: The Rape of Lucrece (1593) and Venus and Adonis (1594). Both poe ms were dedicated to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, who was considering marrying De Vere’s daughter. De Vere was well traveled and spent most of 1575 in Italy. 14 of Shakespeare’s plays have Italian settings.Shakespeare was heavily influenced by Arthur Golding’s translation of Ovids Metamorphoses. There is some evidence to suggest Golding lived in the same household as De Vere at this time. Despite this compelling circumstantial evidence, there is no concrete proof that Edward de Vere was the real author of Shakespeare’s plays. Indeed, it is conventionally accepted that 14 of Shakespeare’s plays were written after 1604 – the year of De Vere’s death. The debate goes on.

Pluto, Lord of the Ancient Underworld

Pluto, Lord of the Ancient Underworld Pluto is often considered King of the Underworld in Roman mythology. How did we get from Hades, Greek god of the underworld, to Pluto? Well, according to Cicero, Hades had a bunch of epithets (pretty common for an ancient god), which included Dis, or the rich, in Latin; in Greek, that translated to Plouton. So basically Pluto was a Latinization of one of Hadess Greek nicknames.  The name Pluto is more common in Roman mythology, so it is sometimes said that Pluto is the Roman version of the  Greek god Hades. Pluto was a god of riches, which is etymologically connected with his name. As Cicero notes, he got his money because all things fall back into the earth and also arise from the earth.  Since mining digs up wealth from under the earth, Pluto came to be associated with the Underworld. This made it possible to refer to a god Pluto ruling a land of the dead called Hades, named for its Greek overlord. Like many deities associated with death, Pluto received his moniker because it was one associated with the more positive aspects of his character. After all, if you had to pray to a god of the underworld, would you really want to invoke death over and over again? So, as Plato has Socrates recount in his  Cratylus, People in general appear to imagine that the term Hades  is connected with the invisible (aeides) and so they are led by their fears  to call the God Pluto instead. This nickname became increasingly popular in Greece thanks to the Eleusinian Mysteries, initiation rites into the cult of the goddess Demeter, mistress of the harvest. As the story goes, Hades/Pluto abducted Demeters daughter, Persephone (also called Kore, or maiden) and wound up keeping her as his wife in the underworld for most of the year. In the mysteries, Hades/Pluto becomes a personification of his mother-in-laws bounty, a benevolent deity and protector and a possessor of great wealth, rather than an evil uncle/abductor. His riches wound up including not only the stuff  under  the Earth but the stuff on top of it - i.e., Demeters bountiful crops. Edited  by Carly Silver.

Justice Systems of the World Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Justice Systems of the World - Research Paper Example According to (Frank, 1948) the fundamentals of modern judicial systems were developed and employed in the 18th century when James Medison held a meeting with governmental officials in Philadelphia. The meeting was summoned in order to devise a system that can control the growing number of crimes at that time. In those days several sorts of courts were operating. But, they were responsible for maintaining law and order in a specific locality and therefore it was difficult for the officials to apprehend criminals who manage to cross the borders of the State against which they have committed a crime because it was somehow possible at that time that any State would not consider an act as a crime that another take as a serious offense. The above mentioned problem was solved by the meeting which constituted an integrative model of justice system that unified the crime definition and punishment standards in the majority of the States. Over time, several States in the US eliminated death sen tence and replaced it with a life sentence whereas very few of the localities retained the death penalty one of those is Florida. Important types of judicial systems are discussed as follows:- Civil Law This type of law is designed to govern trade activities in the country whereas it is supposed to minimize corruption, kickbacks and financial black mailing in a certain economy (Ramseyer & Rasmusen, 1997). The Civil law cannot send a person to death rather than it can impose imprisonment and fines on corporations and their managers. Common Law This typology of legal stature is believed to be more competent in terms of maintaining law and order because almost every nation in the world follows them. They are also considered as traditions (Rubin, 1977) which are being transferred from generation to generation. Moreover, they are effectively implemented across the world. Theological Law This stream of legal traditions is known to be developed in the light of religious teachings. The religious groups that exceedingly use these kinds of laws include Christians, Muslims and Jews (Lee, 1995). But, nowadays the religious laws are placed on back-burner and evidence based investigatio ns, convictions and punishments are presently being promoted in the global legal arena. Criminal Law This law has been designed to control and manage crimes that are committed with an intention to partially or completely destroy one’s private property. In addition, criminal law helps the State in prosecuting people with charge of murder, terrorism, domestic violence and many other crimes

Mid-air Collision on the Hudson River Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mid-air Collision on the Hudson River - Essay Example In a crystalline sky of New York on August 8, 2009, an unexpected air tragedy had happened, claiming the lives of the pilots of both private plane and helicopter and their passengers. New York City’s mayor stated that the crash is â€Å"not survivable† (McFadden). Private Plane PA32 was on its way to Ocean City, New Jersey via Hudson River on that day when another aircraft Eurocopter AS350 is sightseeing, carrying 5 Italian tourists. A radar data by the NTSB shows that both aircrafts were at a low level, while witnesses said that neither of them attempted to avoid the crash and investigations revealed that neither also sent warning alerts to prevent it. The collision is said to have damaged the private plane’s left wing causing it to nose dive into the Hudson River. Meanwhile, the helicopter’s propeller was also destroyed in the collision and immediately crashed into the river (Schapiro, Cruz, Gendar and McShane).

Gender, income and wealth Essay Example for Free

Gender, income and wealth Essay Gender is a term that has been used many times to describe the different social roles that men and women play in the society. It is also used to explain the biological difference between a man and a woman. However, gender violence, whether on men or on women varies with different communities. Even up to date, there are some societies that still emphasize on the roles and tasks that only men or women can do. Scientific studies on the social life of humans have shown that we are the ones who create inequality amongst ourselves by defining the roles that we should take and leaving those that we dont want to others. Gender difference is however important because it gives the rights and privileges to both women and men. But if viewed from a negative perspective, gender inequality can be defied as a world wide problem. Gender is one of the many determinants of what income a person should be given. In some countries, it is easy for men to get well paying jobs over women. This is especially the case in the developing countries; where the level of education does not really matter when it comes to job hunting. The situation gets even worse where the big jobs can only be given to the men because it is believed that they are better at decision making than women. Statistics have proved that 46 percent of all labor consists of women. However, women represent 75 percent of all the laborers with the lowest income or wages, and only 13 percent represent women of the best paid laborers. The gender factor is also seen to take effect at many homes, where many people believe that a husband should be earning more than the wife. Many husbands feel inferior, especially when they are unable to provide for their families and the wives take on the role of the provider. They believe that they should be the heads of the family and should be in charge of the major activities, including making important decisions. The fact that wives should be submissive to their husbands should not be mistaken as a reason to be discriminated. In general we can say that the world is facing major challenges because of gender inequality. (Karuna Jaggar, 2007) It is not so easy to measure the relation of gender to wealth. This is because most of the wealth is common within members of the same house hold, which consists of both a man and a woman. However, it is a fact that men are likely to own more assets than women. Women dont normally own such investments as bonds, stocks or other financial assets as much as men do. Furthermore, most men have retirement accounts, while most women do not have such accounts, and in addition to that, the pensions of women in most cases are less than those of the men. The gender factor also shows that non married households are not as wealthy as the married households. Also, divorced women contribute more to the labor market as compared to the married women. Married women will feel financially secure because of their husbands, but after they are divorced, their economic condition is affected a lot. The same case applies to widowed women. However, divorce does not have a big effect on the men as it has on the women, because they are always working so their wealth is not affected so much. Women who have never been married own the least wealth of all the house holds. They are said to own only a quarter of the wealth that the non married men own. From the late 1980s, the women initiatives have been helping the women to improve their financial security by advising them to start up small micro enterprises. The reason behind the start of the businesses is because they have very low start up costs, and are hence affordable to the women. Micro enterprises are competent, marketable, and require simple management by the owners. These businesses help women with low wealth and poor incomes to improve their financial status. (Karuna Jaggar, 2007) In general, we can say that gender inequality is a factor that is pulling the efforts to civilization behind and needs to be addressed. References 1) Chang, Mariko, 2007, His and Hers: Explaining the Gender Wealth Gap, retrieved on 1/30/2009 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p109260_index.html 2) Edlund Lena, Kopczuk Wojciech, 2007, Women, wealth and mobility: National bureau of economic research, New York, Cambridge press 3) Karuna Jaggar, 2007, The Race and Gender Wealth Gap, retrieved on 1/30/2009 from http://urbanhabitat.org/node/2815

Wedding Speech for a Maid of Honor or Best Woman :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Wedding Speech for a Maid of Honor or Best Woman For those of you who don't know me.....I'm Misty.....Martha's friend of 17 years and her maid of honor. Martha, I just want you to know how honored I am to stand by your side on this special day. And can I just say how beautiful and happy you look right now? Gosh you would think it was your wedding day or something! Martha and I met at James Rutter Middle School in the 7th grade. She was the "new student".......the "quiet" student. Or so everyone thought. Whenever we got together it was non-stop laughter, but whenever we were around other people it was a different story. I'm sure when most of you first met Martha you probably thought she didn't like you or that she had an attitude problem because of the way she looked at you when you spoke to her....you know---that "whatever" look. In school, people use to ask me if she was deaf. I would say, "No, believe me, she's hilarious!" They would look at me like, "Yeah right." It was kind of like that Warner Brothers frog that would only sing in front of his owner but around everyone else he would just sit there and ribbit. As far as I could remember, since we've been growing up, we've had lots of good times and memories together. It seems like it was just yesterday that we were spending whole weekends at each other's houses, staying up all night getting carpal tunnel trying to win concert tickets on the radio. Whenever I think back to all the good times we've had, I can always picture myself laughing so hard, holding my stomach, trying to keep the tears from falling. Actually, wasn't that just yesterday? We started out inseparable and as we grew up sadly the weekend long sleepovers became fewer and fewer but nevertheless we still call each other and see each other whenever we're able to steal a few moments between those grown up responsibilities like work and relationships. Even though we're all grown up, some things never change. We still crack each other up and still have our "secret" language that only the two of us can understand like "Woodchuck to Grey Squirrel......come in Grey Squirrel" or "nduh ". And even though I will always cherish the memories we've made and will make, it is time for us to create new ones.

Information System in Global Business Today Essay

1. What are the inputs, processing, and outputs of UPS’s package tracking system? Inputs: firstly, the scannable bar-coded should be pasted to the package, there are some information on the scannable bar-coded, like the sender, the destination, and the time of the package arrive. And then, customer could get own labels by UPS. For example, people could go to the UPS web site and use special software to download this information. The data off labels would be delivered to the UPS’s computer centre that nearest final destination, before the package pick up. Furthermore, workers should download these labels information by using UPS software and establish some special delivery route for every driver; people should consider some factors that affect package transmission, like traffic, weather conditions, and the location of every stop. Processing: there are some points that through from the sender and the receiver. Bar code equipment could scan labels to get some package information and send these data to the centre computer. By this way, customer also could check package information from web site, customer could check the data that extreme detailed, it contains delivery routes, calculates hipping route, determining time in transit, and so on. Outputs: first of all, the data that collected from web site are transported to the centre computer and back to the customers. Moreover, UPS also provides some tools that convenient customer to visit own web site, like Cisco system, it can be embed UPS function.

Dorothea Lange

Art has always been Important to society. The art Influence and modify to society and which Is formed societys understanding and era. Especially visual arts such as paintings and photographs all important for know better. For example: Jaime Olaya's painting La Famllla and Dorthea Lange's photograph Migrant Mother. I am going to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between Migrant Mother and La Familia.There are some similarities between the two. The first similarity is their space. That artworks space is crowded and overlapping. Because the figures are large. Another similarity is composition. Both works are capturing a mother and her children. Although there are some similarities but there are several kinds of differences between Migrant Mother and La Familia. The first difference is their era. Migrant mother was made in twentieth century but Migrant Mother was made in nineteenth century.Migrant mother colors are muddy and cool on the other hand La familia colors ar e colorful and bright. Another difference Is their balance. Migrant mother balance Is the mother head is slightly proportional and level with the children's had. La famllla balance Is Mother's head Is not level at all not proportional. Another Important difference Is mood. Migrant mother mood Is depressing, worried, fear and very downhearted. All the same la familia mood Is happy, comforting, loving, peaceful and warm.Migrant mother message is struggling mother for her children and to overcome hard times with together. In addition to La Familia message is a mother holding her children with passion and love. Another difference is interpretation. I mean migrant mother interpretation is realistic but La Familia interpretation is artistic. Because Migrant Mother is seen reality of life. All in all I believe art should tell the truth but at the same time adduce beauty of life. So these artworks are one of best their period.

Free Essays on Theme Essay On Macbeth

The story of Macbeth is portrayed by Shakespeare as evil’s operation in the world in Elizabethan times, but still has its place in todays life. Shakespeare accomplishes this by using a powerful and unsuspecting character such as Macbeth, maybe any one of us, a good leader, strong willed and a person that is looked upon. The audience sees how evil, tempts Macbeth, just as evil tempts everyone of us everyday. Furthermore the use of messages addressing to or addressed by, how evil Macbeth is. The Evil inside Macbeth is quite evident; for he commits several murders. Finally, there are certain analogies, which suggest that Macbeth is comparable to Satan. In this essay I will show you how the play of Macbeth is actually a study of evil and how Macbeth the man represents that evil Shakespeare intended on using a hero of good deeds such as Macbeth, as his figure. He is seen as a good advocate of Satan’s evil conduct: for an evil person is one you least expect. Macbeth starts off as a humble man and a savior of his native land Scotland After returning from a heroic victory, Ross, a noble Thane, describes what a significant officer Macbeth is for his kingdom: "The king hath happily received, Macbeth, The news of thy success; and when he reads Thy personal venture in the rebel’s fight, His wonders and his praises do contend Which should be thine or his. Silenced with that, In viewing o’er the rest o’th’ selfsame day, He finds thee in the stout Norwegian ranks, Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make, Strange images of death. As thick as hail Came post with post, and every one did bear Thy praises in his kingdom’s great defense, And poured then down before him." [I.iii.89-99]. Macbeth, like any other man, had succumbed to some form of temptation. Shakespeare utilizes him as a model, to show how no matter how strong you may be; even the strongest man can be taken in by evil. Macbeth came across three wi... Free Essays on Theme Essay On Macbeth Free Essays on Theme Essay On Macbeth The story of Macbeth is portrayed by Shakespeare as evil’s operation in the world in Elizabethan times, but still has its place in todays life. Shakespeare accomplishes this by using a powerful and unsuspecting character such as Macbeth, maybe any one of us, a good leader, strong willed and a person that is looked upon. The audience sees how evil, tempts Macbeth, just as evil tempts everyone of us everyday. Furthermore the use of messages addressing to or addressed by, how evil Macbeth is. The Evil inside Macbeth is quite evident; for he commits several murders. Finally, there are certain analogies, which suggest that Macbeth is comparable to Satan. In this essay I will show you how the play of Macbeth is actually a study of evil and how Macbeth the man represents that evil Shakespeare intended on using a hero of good deeds such as Macbeth, as his figure. He is seen as a good advocate of Satan’s evil conduct: for an evil person is one you least expect. Macbeth starts off as a humble man and a savior of his native land Scotland After returning from a heroic victory, Ross, a noble Thane, describes what a significant officer Macbeth is for his kingdom: "The king hath happily received, Macbeth, The news of thy success; and when he reads Thy personal venture in the rebel’s fight, His wonders and his praises do contend Which should be thine or his. Silenced with that, In viewing o’er the rest o’th’ selfsame day, He finds thee in the stout Norwegian ranks, Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make, Strange images of death. As thick as hail Came post with post, and every one did bear Thy praises in his kingdom’s great defense, And poured then down before him." [I.iii.89-99]. Macbeth, like any other man, had succumbed to some form of temptation. Shakespeare utilizes him as a model, to show how no matter how strong you may be; even the strongest man can be taken in by evil. Macbeth came across three wi...

US Historical Newspapers Online by State

US Historical Newspapers Online by State Search indexed newspapers or browse the actual digitized pages of hundreds of digitized historical newspapers online. This listing of historical newspapers online by state includes many, but not all, of the available U.S. historical newspapers online. Most historical newspapers listed here are free, but those that require a subscription are marked accordingly. Alabama Birmingham Iron Age, 1874-1887 - Free, from the Birmingham Public Library Digital Collections Alaska Tundra Times, 1962-1997 - The voice of Alaskan Natives, online for free access from the Tuzzy Library at Ilisagvik College. Arizona Casa Grande Newspaper Project, 1912-2007 - Search more than 267,735 historical newspaper pages online for free thanks to the Casa Grande Public Library. Arkansas Northwest Arkansas Times (Fayetteville), 1937-1977 - Part of Ancestry.coms historical newspaper collection, along with selected years of several other Arkansas newspapers. Subscription required.Arkansas Gazette, 1819-1899 - Just one of several historical Arkansas newspapers available online through GenealogyBank.com. Subscription required. California Amador Ledger, 1900-1911 - Online as part of the free California Digital Newspaper CollectionAlta California, 1849-1910 - a daily San Francisco newspaper, online as part of the free California Digital Newspaper CollectionEl Clamor Publico, 1855-1859 - the first Spanish-language newspaper in California after the American occupation. Online for free fro the USC Libraries Digital Archive.Los Angeles Herald, 1900-1910 - Online as part of the free California Digital Newspaper CollectionSan Francisco Call, 1900-1910 - San Franciscos morning newspaper until 1913, online as part of the free California Digital Newspaper Collection Colorado Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection - 140 historical newspapers online, published in Colorado from 1859-1923, including the Daily Rocky Mountain News from Denver. Free Connecticut The Hartford Courant, 1764-1984 - Online archives from the Hartford Courant offers free index searching, but requires a per article fee to access actual newspaper documents. Florida Boca Raton Newspapers Collection, 1938-1970 - Free collection of several hometown newspapers from the Boca Raton Historical Society.Chronicling America, 1836–1922 - This free historical newspapers collection from the Library of Congress offers access to several dozen different Florida newspapers, including the Gainesville Daily Sun, Pensacola Daily News and the Florida Agriculturist.Florida Digital Newspaper Library, mid-1800s through present - Hundreds of Florida newspapers have been digitized and made available online for free viewing through this massive project.St. Petersburg Times/St. Petersburg Evening Independent, 1901-present - Google News Archive hosts free digitized copies of these two long-time St. Petersburg newspapers. Enter St. Petersburg or the paper name in the source box. Georgia The Cherokee Phoenix, 1828-1833 - American Indian newspaper, online for free viewing as part of the Georgia Historic Newspapers collection.The Colored Tribune, 1876 - Savannah-based, African-American newspaper. From the Georgia Historic Newspapers collection.The Dublin Post, 1878-1887 - Online for free viewing as part of the Georgia Historic Newspapers collection.Rome News-Tribune, 1910-1999 - Selected issues, most from 1910, and from 1950-1990, are available online for free viewing through Google News Archive. Enter Rome News in the source box. Hawaii Ulukau: Hawaiian Electronic Library, 1834-1948 - A collection of historic Hawaiian language newspapers available for free searching and browsing.Hawaiian Language Newspapers, 1834-1927 - More than a dozen historic newspapers with free online access from the University of Hawaii. Scattered dates and titles available. Illinois Barrington Review, 1914-1930 - Free access to full–page reproductions from January 1, 1914–December 29, 1921 and April 23, 1925–November 13, 1930. Also available, an index to births, deaths and marriages from the Barrington Courier-Review from 1890-2006.Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections, 1895-1945 - Titles available among the more than three dozen newspaper titles include the Daily Illini (1916-1945), the Urbana Daily Courier (1903-1935), and the Express - Tallula, Illinois (1895-1896, scattered issues). Free!Chicago Tribune Archive – Historic article images from 1852 to the present. There is a fee for individual article access, or available via subscription from ProQuest Historical Newspapers (check with your local library).Chicago Defender Archive – Historic article images from 1905–1975. There is a fee for individual article access, or available via subscription from ProQuest Historical Newspapers (check with your local library).Quinc y Historical Newspaper Archive, 1835-1919 - Free access to the Quincy Daily Whig, Quincy Daily Herald and Quincy Daily Journal. Flora Digital Newspapers Collection - Free, online historical newspapers from Flora and Clay County in Southern Illinois from the Illinois Digital Archives.Chronicling America, 1836–1922 – Includes the Chicago Eagle (1889–1922) and the Cairo Bulletin (1868–1878), plus a few others. Indiana Hoosier State Chronicles  - Indianas digital historic newspaper program offers online access to several dozen Indiana newspaper titles,  encompassing over 58,000 issues and over 360,000 pages.Muncie Post-Democrat, 1921-1950 - Includes issues of the historic anti-Ku Klux Klan newspaper published by George Dale from 1921 until his death in 1936, and continued as a local newspaper after his death until the 1950s. Free!NewspaperArchive  - The Indiana Historical Society partnered with Newspaper Archive to digitize 5,625 rolls of microfilm representing 760 Indiana newspapers, encompassing more than 2.5 million newspaper pages dated 1924 and earlier. View for free  in the William H. Smith Memorial Library, or online with a subscription to NewspaperArchive. Iowa Adams County Free Press, 1876-2000 - Over 100,000 digitized pages online for free searching and viewing.Cedar Rapids Newspaper Archives, 1857-1998 - Free online access to a number of Cedar Rapids area historical newspapers, including the  Cedar Rapids Gazette,  Des Moines Daily News  and  Iowa State Leader.Charles City Press, 1930-2007 - A free online database containing more than 3,300 historical newspaper pages from the Floyd County Museum.Sioux County Newspaper Archives, 1878-2000 - Search or browse over a dozen Sioux County historical newspapers for free. Kansas Kansas Memory Historic Newspapers, 1850-1987 - Selected pages and articles from historical newspapers across the state.Chronicling America, 1836–1922 - Explore selected issues from over 20 historical Kansas newspapers in this free digitized collection from the Library of Congress.GenealogyBank - Historic Kansas Newspapers, 1841-1981 - Selected (mostly short) runs from over 68 historic African-American Kansas newspapers can be searched and viewed through a subscription to GenealogyBank, including such newspapers as the Wichita Searchlight and the State Ledger (Topeka).Ancestry Historical Newspaper Collection - Kansas  - Subscription-based site Ancestry.com offers digitized issues of the  Atchison Globe, in its various incarnations, from 1882-1976, plus the  Great Bend Tribune,  Salina Journal, and  Western Kansas Press. Kentucky Historic Kentucky Newspapers, 1896-1916 - The Kentuckiana Digital Library has over 35 historic Kentucky newspapers online for free searching and viewing. Available issues vary by paper - from one to several thousand. Louisiana New Orleans Bee, 1827-1953 - Free PDF files are browseable by date, but there is no other search feature. From the Jefferson Parish Library.Louisiana Newspaper Access Program  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A small number of the earliest newspaper issues from each of Louisianas 64 parishes.Chronicling America, 1836–1922 – This free historical newspapers collection from the Library of Congress offers access to over fifty historical Louisiana newspapers, including the Louisiana Democrat, the Colfax Chronicle and the Madison Journal.Google News Archive  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Digitized Louisiana newspapers in the Google News Archive collection include a large run of the New Orleans Commercial Bulletin, the Louisiana Courier, the New-Orleans Tagliche Deutfche Beitung and the Louisiana Staats-Zeitung. Maryland Google News Archive  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Browsable and searchable Maryland newspapers in the Google News Archive collection include the Baltimore Afro-Eagle (1933-2003) and the American Eagle (1856-1857).Maryland Early State Records Online, Newspapers, 1802–1947 – Browsable only, these digitized early Maryland newspapers date as early as the 1802 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser to the Civil War era Baltimore Clipper and more recent Cambridge Chronicle (1830–1947).Maryland Gazette Collection, 1728–1839 – Browsable, digitized pages from the Maryland State Archives. Massachusetts The Barnstable Patriot Digital Archive, 1830–1930 - Searchable digitized newspaper covers Cape Cod and the Islands, plus the Hyannis Patriot (1894-1930) and Sandwich Observer (1910-1911). From the Sturgis Library.The Chatham Monitor Cape Cod Chronicle Historical Collection  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The Eldredge Public Library has digitized and made available online their entire collection of historic Chatham newspapers.Provincetown Advocate – Search the Provincetown Public Librarys digitized collection of Provincetown area newspapers, including the Provincetown Advocate, Provincetown Banner, Provincetown Beacon and News Beacon. Scroll down to the bottom of the page for the search link.Boston Globe Historical Archive  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Historic article images from 1872-1922, plus current content from 1979-present. There is a fee for individual article access, or available via subscription from ProQuest Historical Newspapers (check with your  local library).The Liberator  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Digiti zed images from 1831-1865 can be searched or browsed for this influential anti-slavery newspaper published by abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. Available with a subscription to Accessible Archives. Michigan Cass City Newspapers  - Free PDF images of the Cass City Chronicle (1981–2009) and Enterprise (1881–1906) from the Rawson Memorial Library.The Commercial Record  (Saugatuck) – Back issues of this Saugatuck-Douglas community newspaper are available for browsing for most of the period 1868–1967. A small portion of the content has been indexed and is searchable.Grosse Pointe Newspapers  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Includes the Grosse Pointe News (1940–present), Grosse Pointe Review (1930–1952), and Grosse Pointe Civic News (1923–1934). From the Grosse Pointe Public Library.Making of Modern Michigan  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dozens of historical newspapers dating back to the mid-1800s are available from a cooperative of 52 participating libraries, including the Manchester Enterprise (1867-1892) and Owosso Press (1862-1869).Lake Orion Review  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Searchable archive covering the years 1868-1957 from the Orion Township Public Library. Minnesota Holt Weekly News  - Searchable and browsable archive of the community newspaper Holt Weely News from 1911-1952.Minnesota Digital Newspaper Project  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A great gateway page to the Minnesota historical newspapers available online at Chronicling America, including various incarnations of the Saint Paul Globe (1878–1905) and Bemidji Pioneer (1896–1922).Winona Newspaper Project  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This searchable archive includes available issues of the Winona Argus (1854 and 1857), the Winona Daily Republican (1860–1901), the Winona Republican-Herald (1901–1954), and the Winona Daily News (1954–1976). Mississippi The Citizens Council  - Digitized issues of the newspaper of the white supremacist Citizens’ Council of Mississippi, published from October 1955 to September 1961.Ancestry Historical Newspaper Collection, Mississippi  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Subscription-based access to ten historical Mississippi newspapers, including several incarnations of the Daily Democrat Times (1904–1912 and 1930–1977) from Greenville, Mississippi.The Memphis Daily Appeal  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Although located in Memphis, Tennessee, this newspaper included several Mississippi towns in its coverage area, including Hernando, Grenada, Jackson, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. Missouri Chillicothe Constitution Tribune  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Searchable archive of more than 320,447 newspaper pages from the Chillicothe Constitution Tribune, 1889-2006.Missouri Digital Heritage, Newspapers  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Online archive of historic newspapers from St. Louis and other locations from the collections of various Missouri libraries and historical societies.Chronicling America1836–1922 – Over three dozen historical Missouri newspapers can be searched or browsed in this free online collection from the Library of Congress. Includes the St. Joseph Observer, Jackson Herald, and many others. Montana Chronicling America  - A small handful of Montana historical newspapers are available online as part of this free Library of Congress project; the two largest runs are The Anaconda Standard (1889-1970) and Daily Yellowstone Journal (1882-1893).Digital CharKoosta News  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Digitization of this newspaper published by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Indian Reservation covers the years 1956 to 1961, and 1971 to 1988. Nebraska Nebraska Newspapers  - Searchable full-text of selected Nebraska newspapers published in the state before 1923, plus great background information on each newspaper. These newspapers also available through Chronicling America.Chronicling America  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Nebraska newspapers digitized in this freely available full-text database from the Library of Congress include The Dakota County Herald (1891-1965), Omaha Daily Bee (1872-1922), Columbus Journal (1874-1911) and The Red Cloud Chief (1873-1923).The Ord Quiz  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This historic newspaper from the Ord Township Library is available as searchable PDFs, browsable by date. Nevada Las Vegas Age Digital Newspaper Collection, 1905–1924 - Digital images of the Las Vegas Age from the special collections of the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District. Published from 7 Apr 1905–30 Nov 1947, but several issues are missing, including all of 1916.Henderson Libraries Digital Collection  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Includes two newspapers dating back to the mid-20th century – The Henderson Home News (1951-current), and The Big Job and Basic Bombardier newsletters (1940s) from the BMI magnesium plant in Henderson, Nevada. New Hampshire Paper of Record  - A few short runs of historical New Hampshire papers, including The White Mountain Reporter and Carroll County Independent, are available online from the subscription-based site, Paper of Record.Newspaper Archive  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Several New Hampshire newspapers can be accessed via a subscription to Newspaper Archive, including the Portsmouth Herald (1898–2007). New Jersey Atlantic County Digitized Newspaper Collection  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Digitized newspapers published in Atlantic County from 1860-1923, including the South Jersey Republican (1863-1923) and Mays Landing Record (1877–1906).Red Bank Register Newspaper Archives  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Full text searching of this New Jersey newspaper covers the years 1878–1991. From the Middletown Township Public Library.The Bayshore Independent (Matawan)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Select digitized issues covering the years 1971 through 2000, from the Matawan - Aberdeen Public Library.New Brunswick Daily Times  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Access to searchable, digital issues of the New Brunswick Daily Times (1871–1916), from the New Brunswick Public Library. New Mexico Chronicling America  - Nearly 5 million digitized, searchable newspaper pages from historical New Mexico newspapers can be searched online for free in this collection from the Library of Congress. Includes historical runs of The Albuquerque Citizen (1895–1909) and The (Albuquerque) Evening Herald (1914–1922).New Mexicos Digital Collections  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Digitized copies of several New Mexico newspapers (Belen News, Borderer, Revista de Taos...) are online as part of a digital collections project of the University of New Mexico University Libraries. They also host a  searchable database  for locating non-digitized New Mexico newspapers. New York NYS Historic Newspapers  - Over 4 million digitized newspapers pages from historic newspaper titles across much of New York State are available for free online searching and browsing.  Fulton History  - Dont let the title and design of this website fool you! Owner Tom Tryniski has digitized and made available online for FREE over 30 million historical newspaper pages, mostly from newspapers across the state of New York.The Brooklyn Newsstand  - The Brooklyn Public Library offers free online access  to the full run of the  Brooklyn Daily Eagle  newspaper, which was published from 1841 to 1955, as well as  Brooklyn Life, a society magazine published from 1890 to 1931.

Persuasive writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Persuasive writing - Essay Example This would give the victim the right to live a life of dignity and the freedom (End the total abortion ban in Nicaragua, 2010; Feldman, 1998). Rape leaves a lasting impact on the mind of women due to the agonizing physical and mental turmoil that she undergoes during the event. She requires a strong support and the right counseling to help her come out of the situation. Apart from the counseling it is extremely essential to check the women medically for veneral disease and pregnancy. If there is no conception the women should be given suitable medication to prevent fertilization. However, in case of a pregnancy the women should be given a moral right to decide whether she wishes to continue the pregnancy. Experts have suggested many reasons for supporting this right such as rape is a violation of the women’s right and dignity, it is enforced on the women and not conjugal, and the women cannot be held responsible for the act. Despite the overall consensus that it is morally incorrect to kill innocent people and that a fetus is innocent which has not committed any crime, many people believe that abortion is completely a private matter which should be left to the discretion of the mother. In cases of pregnancy due to rape this right of the mother is further justified. This is because women of all ages could be subjected to rape. In most of the cases, young girls are targeted and when they become pregnant later on it is almost impossible for them to bear and support the child at that young age (De Bruyn, 2002). In addition there are several health related complications associated with pregnancy at such a young age both for the mother and the child. The child could be born with a low-weight and the mother could suffer from various complications during the delivery. In addition to the turmoil due to the rape, carrying the child of a man who committed the brutal crime

Leadership Development & Change Management Research Paper

Leadership Development & Change Management - Research Paper Example Change management represents a structured method that helps in the transitional process of individuals, teams and the organization on the whole, to a desired imminent state of competency. It is an organizational process that aims at providing empowerment to the employees for accepting and embracing the changes within the current environment of the organization (Ryerson University, 2011). In accordance with this notion of organizational leadership, Ford Motor Company has been focused on the advancement and effectiveness of its employees at all levels in an all-inclusive manner along with practicing effective stakeholder engagement strategies. The change observed within the internal business environment of Ford inculcates preparation for starting a new operation and simultaneously, planning for the execution of advance and latest innovative ideas for success. Additionally, the change management strategies practiced by Ford include the clear perspective that entails effective communicat ion of operations. The leadership practices of Ford also aim towards an effective transformation of the cultural change that fosters transparency. Nevertheless, due attention is also rendered towards consistency for framing new strategies and policies that can facilitate creativity and enthusiasm within the organization (SlideShare Inc, 2013). The problem statement of the research study indulges explaining the scope and nature of the leadership development and change management within Ford. Adaptation to change has become a vital framework for any organization today. With respect to all organizational changes, its effects are complex and critical, which requires the support of effective leadership (Paton & McCalman, 2000). Considering the prospects of organizational change, a major challenge often witnessed by organizations is the change resistance deciphered by employees, suppliers, customers, and stakeholders. The underneath reasons for resistance to change also inculcates organiz ational redesigning advocating changes of existing power structure and position of the employees, which might require them to come out of their comfort zone. Creation of advance and latest technological changes that can result in challenges related to procedures, techniques and the desired skills associated with the new technique initiated. Furthermore, it entails apathetic nature of the employees that result in their resistance to desired changes. Thus, for effective leadership development, the leader must mitigate the challenges related to change management for organization’s growth and development (Paton & McCalman, 2000). Critical Analysis Machiavellianism and Ethical Consideration Machiavellianism is a leadership trait that is often practiced to combat the influences of the interpersonal relationship of the employees on their acceptance or readiness to change being implemented in the organization.  Ã‚  

Five ways ethics have influenced organizational culture Term Paper

Five ways ethics have influenced organizational culture - Term Paper Example Definitely, the moral -rights view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Evidently, the employee can now resign from the organization if her request that she not report for work on Saturdays will not be granted. Ethical behavior can be defined as the the behavior that is morally good or right. This is the exact opposite of the bad or wrong behavior. Some ethical questions include: Is ti ethical to withhold information that might discourage a job candidate from joining your organization?, is it ethical to ask someone to take a job you know will not be good his or her career progress?. The list of ethical questions goes on. The bottom line here is that the American public is increasingly demanding that government office organizations, organizational managers, organizational workers, as well as the organizations they represent all act in accordance with high ethical and moral standards. And, â€Å"a clear picture of the ethical similarities and differences between women and men still eludes us here as well†(Ambrose & Schminke, 1999, p. 454). The following paragraphs will clearly explain five was ethics have influenced organizational culture. There are many ways that ethics have influenced organizational culture. First, the utilitarian view is one way of influencing organizational culture. Second, the individualism view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Third, the moral -rights view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Fourth, the procedural justice view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Lastly, the distributive justice view is another way of influencing organizational culture. First, the utilitarian view is one way of influencing organizational culture. This view states that an organization and the members of such organizations are inclined to thinking of the greater good when they decide to choose one of several alternative

Developing Countries’ Healthcare Systems

Developing Countries’ Healthcare Systems Question: Global Fund in the recent past suspended the funding to Uganda government citing gross financial misappropriation especially by Ministry of health officials. As a financial consultant, identify and discuss the practices and policies that could have led to this financial loss and suggest both internal and external controls that should be put in place to minimize the reoccurrence of such scenarios. Introduction Developing countries’ healthcare systems are often funded by the donors’ grants in addition to public funds from the governmental budgets. But in some cases, these funds may be mismanaged and this could lead to heavy financial losses hence depriving its beneficiaries. The mismanagement of those funds may take different forms: misspending, fraudulent misappropriation or embezzlement (The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria). In this essay, we review the case of Uganda where The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2005 suspended the country’s funding following a release of an audit report that showed gross mismanagement of funds that were supposed to support the government of Uganda in its efforts to tackle AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Kapiriri Martin, 2006). The practices and policies that could have led to this mismanagement and embezzlement are identified and discussed together with the control measures, both internal and external, that should be undertaken to prevent such financial diversion in the future. 2. Practices and policies that could have led to financial mismanagement The problem of financial resources mismanagement seems to be widespread not only in developing countries but also in developed ones (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997). Several inadequate practices and policies are reportedly involved in the occurrence of this problem. 2. a. Non-existing clear financial norms and regulations/none compliance to financial norms and regulations The lack of clear norms and regulations to provide guidance to those involved in the management of financial resources can create a way for them to mismanage the funds that they are supposed to manage. Taking into consideration the case of Uganda, the lack of clear norms and regulations on how funds would have been used possibly created a financial managerial chaos that facilitated those who were in the positions of funds management, at each level of administrative ladder, to misappropriate or misuse them. On the other hand, financial norms and regulations might have been in place but probably the management team, at different levels, was not compliant with them. 2. b. Lack of transparency in administrative hierarchy, roles and responsibilities Undefined organisational and reporting structure, unclear roles and responsibilities among members of various teams involved in funds management might also have created managerial disorder which led to lack of financial accountability. 2. c. Poor communication Poor communication among members of different teams might also have been a key factor in funds financial management failure. Possibly, teams did not share key project documents about funds management for reviews before being released as official documents. Further, they might not have coordination forums in which they should have discussed financial issues with key stakeholders in the implementation of the projects. 2. d. Managerial incompetence and unskilled financial/accountant officers Incompetence in the management of funds and implementing the planned activities might also have led to the above financial loss. Financial procedures might not have been observed, this might have been the results of incompetent managers coupled with unskilled financial officers and accountants. Further, according to Global Fund’s 2009 Office of the Inspector General report on Lessons learnt from the country audits and reviews undertaken, Uganda’s case, Principle Recipient’ management of Sub-Recipient was poor as was shown by evidences in the report and this was one of the issues that the grant was suspended. Stating the same source, there were poor internal controls at different levels either at Principle Recipient level or at Sub Recipient level as was evidenced by the report. For example, some amount of money estimated at 4,939,497 US dollars were not accounted for, adequate supporting documents for several transactions were missing, work plan and budgets were not abode by which resulted in several expenses not related to the programmatic budget and work plan. In addition, records related to the expenses like books of account were not properly kept. There were also cases of unsupported expenses and when supporting documents were found, they were actually counterfeit. It is reported that professional financial management necessitates impeccable financial and auditing tools. Deficiency in financial supervision and control mechanisms leads to financial mismanagement like diversion or misappropriation of funds (Mobegi et al, 2012). 2. e. Lack of active involvement of some key stakeholders According to Kapiriri and Martins (2006), one of the reported possible causes of mismanagement of Global Fund grants in Uganda was low levels of civil society participation. According to Global Fund’s requirements for grant eligibility, the participation of various stakeholders in the decision making is of paramount importance. But in Uganda, it was reported that part of key stakeholders, including civil society, who were supposed to be represented in Country Coordinating Mechanisms were not either involved or were lacking the capacity to provide meaningful inputs (Kapiriri Martins (2006). 3. Internal and external controls that should be put in place to minimize the reoccurrence of such scenarios It is stated that there is one common thing in all businesses either in public or private businesses: â€Å"To be successful, they must control their operations†. This means hiring the right people, pay them the right amount of salaries, order and receive the right products and services, etc (Libby et al, 2009). To achieve this, it is important to establish and comply with specific procedures and policies which describe how the business should be run. These specific procedures and policies are controls which can be either internal or external. This theory is applied to the case under discussion. 3.1. Internal controls Internal controls are defined as set of methods an organisation puts in place in order to protect the theft of its assets, ensure the accounting information is reliable, boost effective and efficient operations, and ascertain that applicable laws, regulations and codes of ethics are complied with (Libby et al, 2009). For the case of Uganda, given the shortcomings that were identified, internal control mechanisms should be enhanced and set to target them. The internal measures would include: Regular compliance audits: these audits would ascertain that the specific procedures, rules or regulations-set out by Global Fund and as described in grant agreement-to ensure the good management of grants are observed at every level of the management. Regular operational audits: these audits would study all operating procedures at all management levels in order to measure their performance in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. According to Hayes et al (2005), operational audits are not only limited to financial issues, they might also put more emphasis on other areas of the organisation ; structure, working approaches alike or other areas where evaluation is needed. Regular audits of financial statements: these audits would analyse the financial statements to ensure that they are accurate and in accordance with set criteria. Involving stakeholders in decision making process and enhanced communication: The involvement of stakeholders and improved decision making process concerning the implementation of Global Fund programmes could have been a cornerstone in the prevention of grants mismanagement. It is argued that if legitimate and fair decision making process were used, the suspension of grants could have been averted (Kapiriri Martins (2006). Given that the poor communication between members of Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) was cited among the causes of grant mismanagement in Uganda, enhanced communication within CCM and with other stakeholders would be equally important in preventing such gross financial loss. 3.2. External controls To minimise opportunities for grants mismanagement in the future, external control mechanisms should also be enhanced. These include: Global Fund should conduct regular and timely audits and reviews to ensure that the set guidelines for the management of its grants are observed. Independent auditors should be appointed and conduct audits on different levels of grants management. It is recommended by the Global Fund’ Office of the inspector general that the external audit reports should be submitted to Global Fund not later than six months after the period to be audited ( Global Fund, 2009). Global Fund should update its guidelines regarding the management of grants to fill the gaps when they are identified. 4. Conclusion Proper Global Fund grants management is crucial in fighting against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria whose mortality and morbidity rates are still unacceptably high in developing countries. Government of Global Fund-supported countries have the mandate to ensure that the grants are used in accordance with the set guidelines and the agreements signed between them and the Global Fund. Thus, this will avoid grants mismanagement or embezzlement cases and consequently reduce mortality and morbidity rates due to the above mentioned diseases.

Will The Global Economy Help Or Hurt The Next Generation Of Americans?

Will the Global Economy Help or Hurt The Next Generation of Americans? Will the global economy help or hurt the next generation of Americans? This is the question I am going to investigate in this paper. The global economy is the system pertaining to the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services around the globe. It is important that we understand the global economy because it is and will be affecting the way we learn, work and live. How all of these factors are affected will be discussed in the following paper. I take the position that the global economy will hurt the next generation of Americans. One argument for this position is that our schools are not adequately preparing out students for the types of new work that will be required in the next generation. American schools are using teaching techniques that taught existed in the 1950's. Textbooks date back to the early 1970's. Requirements may have changed but our reaching techniques have not. Every year, students take the same courses with the same prerequisite: A good memory. True, they are teaching classes that are essential to get into a good college but are they teaching the skills that our future generation will need? Are students going to be able to problem solve? Are today's students going to be able to access tomorrow's information? Our schools teach American students to be good at memorization. To be able to spit out recorded information. "You do have the knowledge but you are basically robots with skin; machines, tape recorders that teachers use to record their information. At the end of a chapter, they rewind you and press the 'play' button to see if you can repeat everything they said."1 Also, our schools are not stressing the importance of math and science. Because of this fact, foreign born workers such as engineers are taking over the jobs American workers could have. Our students need to be truly smart because memorized skills can only go so far. Grades cannot always determine the real skills of the students. Anybody can receive a diploma but what do these grades really mean? Not much unless a student can apply their memorized skills for the new way of work. "Just possibly we have a surplus of graduates and a scarcity of real skills."2 The improvement of o... ...t as earnings plunge. Mothers are going to have to work longer hours if the family is going to have it's old standard of living."25 This means that people are going to have to work twice as hard for the same quality of living. This also means a constant upgrading of skills necessary for peak job performance. "Important efforts should be better education and a committed and constant upgrading of skills. Our future is a more educated one rather than a cheaper one. Technological revolutions in the past have consistently led to gains in production, commerce, employment and living standards."26 Yet if workers don't improve their skills and constantly upgrade them, shrinking the gap between man and machine, this revolution will be detrimental to the welfare of our workers, their families and most importantly the global economy. Despite all the information on how the global economy will hurt the next generation of Americans, there are also ways in which it will help the next generation. My objection to my original position; that is the global economy will hurt the next generation of Americans is that it will instead help them due to the new ag

Lesson Plan Essay

â€Å"In modern times there are opposing views about the practice of education. There is no general agreement about what the young should learn either in relation to virtue or in relation to the best life; nor is it clear whether their education ought to be directed more towards the intellect than towards the character of the soul†¦. And it is not certain whether training should be directed at things useful in life, or at those conducive to virtue, or at non-essentials†¦. And there is no agreement as to what in fact does tend towards virtue. Men do not all prize most highly the same virtue, so naturally they differ also about the proper training for it. † Aristotle wrote that passage more than 2,300 years ago, and today educators are still debating the issues he raised. Different approaches to resolving these and other fundamental issues have given rise to different schools of thought in the philosophy of education. We will examine five such schools of thought: Essentialism, Progressivism, Perennialism, Existentialism, and Behaviorism. Each has many supporters in American education today. Taken together, these five schools of thought do not exhaust the list of possible educational philosophies you may adopt, but they certainly present strong frameworks from which you can create your own educational philosophy. Essentialism â€Å"Gripping and enduring interests frequently grow out of initial learning efforts that are not appealing or attractive. † William Bagley Essentialism refers to the â€Å"traditional† or â€Å"Back to the Basics† approach to education. It is so named because it strives to instill students with the â€Å"essentials† of academic knowledge and character development. The term essentialism as an educational philosophy was originally popularized in the 1930s by the American educator William Bagley (1874A1946). The philosophy itself, however, had been the dominant approach to education in America from the beginnings of American history. Early in the twentieth century, essentialism was criticized as being too rigid to prepare students adequately for adult life. But with the launching of Sputnik in 1957, interest in essentialism revived. Among modern supporters of this position are members of the President’s Commission on Excellence in Education. Their 1983 report, A Nation at Risk, mirrors essentialist concerns today. Underlying Philosophical Basis (American) essentialism is grounded in a conservative philosophy that accepts the social, political, and economic structure of American society. It contends that schools should not try to radically reshape society. Rather, essentialists argue, American schools should transmit the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens. Essentialists believe that teachers should instill such traditional American virtues as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality. Reflecting its conservative philosophy, essentialism ten(tends to accept the philosophical views associated with the traditional, conservative elements of American society. For example, American culture traditionally has l)placed tremendous emphasis on the central importance of tile physical world and of understanding the world through scientific experimentation. As a result, to convey important knowledge about our world, essentialist educators emphasize instruction in natural science rather than non-scientific disciplines such as philosophy or comparative religion. The Essentialist Classroom Essentialists urge that the most essential or basic academic skills and knowledge be taught to all students. Traditional disciplines such as math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature form the foundation of the essentialist curriculum. Essentialists frown upon vocational, lift-adjustment, or other courses with â€Å"watered down† academic content. Elementary students receive instruction in skills such as writing, reading, measurement, and computers. Even while learning art and music, subjects most often associated with the development of creativity, the students are required to master a body of information and basic techniques, gradually moving from less to more complex skills and detailed knowledge. Only by mastering the required material for their grade level are students promote(l to the next higher grade. Essentialist programs are academically rigorous, for both slow and fast learners. The report A Nation at Risk reflects the essentialist emphasis on rigor. It calls for more core requirements, a longer school day, a longer academic year, and more challenging textbooks. Moreover, essentialists maintain that classrooms should be oriented around the teacher, who ideally serves as an intellectual and moral role model for the students. The teachers or administrators decide what is most important for the students to learn and place little emphasis on student interests, particularly when they divert time and attention from the academic curriculum. Essentialist teachers focus heavily on achievement test scores as a means of evaluating progress. In an essentialist classroom, students are taught to be â€Å"culturally literate,† that is, to possess a working knowledge about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have shaped American society. Reflecting the essentialist emphasis on technological literacy, A Nation at Risk recommends that all high school students complete at least one semester of computer science. Essentialists hope that when students leave school, they will possess not only basic skills and an extensive body of knowledge, but also disciplined, practical minds, capable of applying schoolhouse lessons in the real world. Progressivism We may, I think, discover certain common principles amid the variety of progressive schools now existing. To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external discipline is opposed free activity; to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience; to acquisition of’ isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal; to preparation for a more or less remote future is opposed making the most of the opportunities of present life; to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world. John Dewey Progressivism’s respect for individuality, its high regard for science, and its receptivity to change harmonized well with the American environment in which it was created. The person most responsible for the success of progressivism was John Dewey (1859-1952). Dewey entered the field of education as a liberal social reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology. In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey ounded the famous Laboratory School as a testing ground for his educational ideas. Dewey’s writings and his work with the Laboratory School set the stage for the progressive education movement, which, beginning in the 1920s, has produced major lasting innovations in American education. The progressivist movement stimulated schools to broaden their curricula, making education more relevant to the needs and interests of students. Its influence waned during the 1950s, particularly after the 1957 launching of Sputnik by the Soviets prompted schools to emphasize traditional instruction in math, science, foreign languages, and other defense-related subjects. In the late 1960s and 1970s, under the guise of citizenship education and educational relevance, many of Dewey’s ideas enjoyed a renewed popularity that decreased again during the education reform movement of the 1980s.